Encyclopedia of space
Tapas das
language
(, Feb. 14, 2020)
ace containsdetailed information on every aspect ofastronomy, space, and the universe. Entries aregrouped into sections, so that all the informationabout planets, stars, galaxies, or spacecraft can befound together. Within each section are mainDATA BOXESMany pages have a data file box that givesfacts and figures about key objectsfeatured in the entry. For example, thisbox contains information about some ofthe most prominent planetary nebulas inthe Milky Way Galaxy, such as theirnames, distance from Earth, and size.entries. Each entry opens with an introductionto the subject, then goes into more detail inseparate, easy-to-manage topics that use photosand artwork to illustrate the facts. To findinformation on a particular subject, the indexwill guide you to all the entries on that topic.PRACTICAL TOPICSAn eye symbol next to an entry indicatesthat it gives information about an object thatyou can see for yourself. Wherever possible,these are stars and other objects that can beseen with the naked eye. The final sectionof the book is also devoted to practicalstargazing and contains useful informationon finding your way around the night sky,star maps, and tips on stargazing.Introduction: Each main entry starts withan introduction that provides an overviewof the subject. After reading this, youshould have a good idea of what thepage is all about.Subentries provide important additionalinformation and expand on points in theintroduction.PAGE LAYOUTThe information on each page ispresented in a way that makes iteasy to understand what is goingon. Start reading the introduction,move on to the subentries, andthen read the annotations.ABBREVIATIONSin = inchkm = kilometerm = metercm = centimetermm = millimeter (tenth of1 centimeter)nm = nanometer (millionthof 1 millimeter)mph = miles per hourmiles/s = miles per secondlb = poundkm/h = kilometers per hourkm/s = kilometers per secondkg = kilogramg = grams = secondm = minuted = dayy = year°F = degrees Fahrenheit°C = degrees Centigrade° = degrees (angle)g = acceleration due to gravityly = light-yearAU = astronomical unitquadrillion = thousandtrillionquintillion = thousand quadrillionHOW TO USE THIS BOOK182CAT’S EYE NEBULAWhen a red giant has no more helium fuel to burn,its core shrinks and the star expands once again.But this time the expansion is so sudden that theouter layers of the star lift off and blow away intospace. The intensely hot core lights up the departinggas and creates a planetary nebula (given its nameby William Herschel, who thought that the disklikeclouds looked like planets). Planetary nebulas last a fewthousand years, and so are very rare—only about 1,500 areknown in the Milky Way Galaxy. The Cat’s Eye Nebula isone of the most complex. It is about 1,000 years old.Like a flower bursting into bloom, a planetary nebulaunfolds into space. Another swollen red giant has diedand puffed off its outer layers in an expanding cloud thatwill shine for tens of thousands of years. All starswith a mass up to eight times that of the Sun willend their lives in this way, their material spreadout into delicate glowing rings and shells. Thenebula will gradually fade and disappear,but at its heart is a white dwarf—the hot,dense remains of the star’s core that, overbillions of years, will cool and disappear.PLANETARY NEBULASBUTTERFLY NEBULAOne of the most beautiful planetary nebulas is Minkowski2-9, an example of a butterfly nebula. Astronomers believethat the white dwarf at its center is pulling material off alarger companion star, creating a swirling disc of gas anddust. When the red giant blew off its outer layers, the diskdeflected the material into two jets, streaming out at morethan 200 mph (300 km/s).